塑料主要改性技术手段

The main technical means of plastic modification

1.填充

1. fill

通过给普通塑料加入无机矿物（有机）粉末，改善塑料材料的刚性、硬度、耐热性等性能。填充剂种类繁多，其特性也极复杂。

By adding inorganic mineral (organic) powder to ordinary plastics, the rigidity, hardness and heat resistance of plastic materials can be improved. There are a wide variety of filling agents, and their characteristics are very complex.

塑料填充剂(filler for plastics)的作用：提高塑料加工性能、改进物化性质、增加容积、降低成本。

The function of filler for plastics is to improve the processability of plastics, improve the physicochemical properties, increase the volume and reduce the cost.

塑料增量填充剂应具备的特性：

The properties of plastic incremental filling agent:

(1)化学性质不活泼，呈惰性，不与树脂及其他助剂发生不良反应；

(1) the chemical properties are inert, inert, and do not react with resins or other auxiliaries.

(2)不影响塑料的耐水性、耐化学药品性、耐候性、耐热性等；

(2) it does not affect the water resistance, chemical resistance, weatherability and heat resistance of plastics.

(3)不降低塑料的物理性能；

(3) not to reduce the physical properties of plastics;

(4)可以大量填充；

(4) can be filled in large quantities;

(5)相对密度小，对制品的密度影响不大；

(5) relative density is small, which has little effect on product density.

(6)价格相对低廉。

(6) the price is relatively low.

2.增强

2. enhancement

1）措施：通过在加入玻璃纤维、碳纤维等纤维状物质。

1) measures: adding fibrous substances such as glass fiber and carbon fiber.

2）效果：可以明显改善材料的刚性、强度、硬度、耐热性，

2) effect: it can obviously improve the rigidity, strength, hardness and heat resistance of the material.

3）不良影响：但很多材料会导致表面不良和韧性明显降低。

3) adverse effects: however, many materials cause poor surface and toughness.

4）增强原理：

4) the principle of enhancement:

增强材料具有较高的强度和模量；

The reinforced material has high strength and modulus.

树脂具有许多固有的优良物理、化学(耐腐蚀、绝缘、耐辐照、耐瞬时高温烧蚀等)和加工性能；

Resin has many inherent excellent physical and chemical properties (corrosion resistance, insulation, radiation resistance, transient high temperature ablation) and processing performance.

树脂与增强材料复合后，增强材料可以起到增进树脂的力学或其他性能，而树脂对增强材料可以起到粘合和传递载荷的作用，使增强塑料具有优良性能。

When the resin is combined with the reinforced material, the reinforced material can enhance the mechanical or other properties of the resin, and the resin can play the role of bonding and transferring the load to the reinforced material, so that the reinforced plastics have excellent properties.

3.增韧

3. toughening

有较多的材料韧性不够、太脆，可以通过加入韧性较好的材料或者超细无机材料，增加材料韧性和低温使用性能。

There are more materials with less toughness and brittleness, which can increase toughness and low temperature service performance by adding ductile materials or ultrafine inorganic materials.

增韧剂：为了降低塑料硬化后的脆性，提高其冲击强度和延伸率而加入树脂中的一种添加剂。

Toughening agent: an additive used to reduce the brittleness of plastics after hardening and improve their impact strength and elongation.